A Pilot's Guide to Inflight Icing

Module II - In the Airplane

Exercises

Section: Ice Gallery

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Wing containing light, clear ice

Type - Clear: Transparent (clear) ice in stagnation region; start of horn formation.
Severity - Light: Narrow extent; little accumulation

Wing containing light, clear ice

Type - Clear: Transparent (clear) ice in stagnation region; start of horn formation.
Severity - Light: Little accumulation. Note slightly wider chordwise extent than other light clear image above.

Note: Most accumulations occurred in 10-15 minutes.


Wing containing moderate, clear ice

Type - Clear: Transparent (clear) ice in stagnation region; horn formation.
Severity - Moderate: Slightly thicker than clear light examples with wider extent; horn formation

Wing containing light, clear ice

Type - Clear: Transparent (clear) ice in stagnation region; horn formation.
Severity - Moderate: Wider extent than clear light with significant thickness and horn formation. Note: thicker accumulation than moderate clear image above.

Note: Most accumulations occurred in 10-15 minutes.


Wing containing severe, clear ice

Type - Clear: Translucent (clear) ice in stagnation region; horn formation.
Severity - Severe: Example of SLD accretion: Ice impacted aft of boots on top and bottom surfaces; upper ice ridge ~ 1 inch high. Boot fired every 60 seconds.

Note: Most accumulations occurred in 10-15 minutes.


Wing containing moderate, clear ice

Type - Mixed: Transparent (clear) ice in stagnation region; white horn formation.
Severity - Light: Narrow extent; little accumulation

Wing containing light, clear ice

Type - Mixed: Translucent stagnation area; white horn formation.
Severity - Light: Narrow extent; little accumulation. Note: slightly wider extent than light example above.

Note: Most accumulations occurred in 10-15 minutes.


Wing containing moderate, clear ice

Type - Mixed: Opaque (white) ice; somewhat uniform thickness, but with some horn formation.
Severity - Moderate: Moderate extent and thickness.

Wing containing light, clear ice

Type - Mixed: Opaque stagnation area with white horns and stagnation area.
Severity - Moderate: Moderate extent and horn thickness.

Wing containing light, clear ice

Type - Mixed: Translucent (clear) stagnation area with white horn formation.
Severity - Moderate: Moderate extent; horn heights almost 1-inch.

Note: Most accumulations occurred in 10-15 minutes.


Wing containing moderate, clear ice

Type - Mixed: Mostly opaque, conformal ice shape (no horns).
Severity - Moderate/Severe: Wide extent - ice covers entire boot; thin but rough surface. SLD conditions encountered during test sequence.

Wing containing light, clear ice

Type - Mixed: Translucent (clear) ice at stagnation area with large white horns on either side.
Severity - Severe: Although chordwise extent suggests 'moderate', substantial ice on unprotected areas resulted in a large drag increase. Also, the ice horns, over 1-inch high, substantially disrupted airflow over the critical upper wing surface, and resulted in a substantial increase in stall speed during test sequence.

Note: Most accumulations occurred in 10-15 minutes.


Wing containing light, clear ice

Type - Rime: Fully opaque, (white, freezer-like), no horns.
Severity - Light: Narrow extent; little accumulation

Wing containing light, clear ice

Type - Rime: Fully opaque, (white, freezer-like), thickest at the stagnation line (no horns).
Severity - Light: Narrow extent; little accumulation. Note: slightly wider than other light image above.

Wing containing light, clear ice

Type - Rime: Fully opaque, (white, freezer-like), ice accumulation (no horns).
Severity - Light: Extent and thickness between light (above) and moderate (below) rime examples.

Note: Most accumulations occurred in 10-15 minutes.


Wing containing light, clear ice

Type - Rime: Fully opaque, (white, freezer-like), wedge-like accumulation.
Severity - Moderate: Moderate wide extent; significant thickness

Wing containing light, clear ice

Type - Rime: Fully opaque, (white, freezer-like), wedge-like accumulation.
Severity - Moderate: Moderate wide extent; significant thickness. Note: thickest shape of all rime images shown.

Note: Most accumulations occurred in 10-15 minutes.